What was unique about Brazils movement towards independence compared to the rest of Latin America?

American Imperialism

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economical, military, and cultural influence of the United States internationally.

Learning Objectives

Define American imperialism

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• The late nineteenth century was known as the "Age of Imperialism," a time when the United states and other major world powers rapidly expanded their territorial possessions.
• American imperialism is partly based on American exceptionalism, the thought that the U.s. is different from other countries because of its specific world mission to spread liberty and republic.
• One of the most notable instances of American imperialism was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the Us to gain possession and control of all ports, buildings, harbors, military equipment, and public property that had belonged to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands.
• Some groups, such as the American Anti-Imperialist League, opposed imperialism on the grounds that it conflicted with the American ideal of Republicans and the "consent of the governed."

Fundamental Terms

• Social Darwinism: An ideology that seeks to apply biological concepts of Darwinism or evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, often under the assumption that conflict between societal groups leads to social progress, as superior groups surpass inferior ones.
• American Exceptionalism: A belief, central to American political culture since the Revolution, that Americans have a unique mission among nations to spread liberty and democracy.
• The American Anti-Imperialist League: An organization established in the United States on June fifteen, 1898, to battle the American looting of the Philippines equally an insular area.
• American Imperialism: A term that refers to the economic, war machine, and cultural influence of the The states on other countries.

Expansion and Power

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economical, military, and cultural influence of the United States on other countries. First popularized during the presidency of James K. Polk, the concept of an "American Empire" was made a reality throughout the latter half of the 1800s. During this time, industrialization caused American businessmen to seek new international markets in which to sell their goods. In addition, the increasing influence of social Darwinism led to the belief that the United States was inherently responsible for bringing concepts such as industry, republic, and Christianity to less developed "barbarous" societies. The combination of these attitudes and other factors led the United states toward imperialism.

"X Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip": "X K Miles from Tip to Tip," refers to the extension of U.South. domination (symbolized past a bald eagle) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The cartoon contrasts the 1898 representation with that of the The states in 1798.

American imperialism is partly rooted in American exceptionalism, the idea that the United States is different from other countries due to its specific world mission to spread liberty and democracy. This theory often is traced back to the words of 1800s French observer Alexis de Tocqueville, who ended that the United States was a unique nation, "proceeding along a path to which no limit can exist perceived."

Pinpointing the actual start of American imperialism is difficult. Some historians suggest that it began with the writing of the Constitution; historian Donald W. Meinig argues that the imperial behavior of the United States dates back to at to the lowest degree the Louisiana Buy. He describes this event equally an, "aggressive inroad of i people upon the territory of another, resulting in the subjugation of that people to alien dominion." Here, he is referring to the U.S. policies toward Native Americans, which he said were, "designed to remold them into a people more appropriately conformed to regal desires."

Uncle Sam pedagogy the globe: This caricature shows Uncle Sam lecturing four children labelled "Philippines," "Hawaii," "Puerto Rico," and "Republic of cuba" in front end of children holding books labeled with various U.S. states. In the background, an American Indian holds a book upside down, a Chinese boy stands at the door, and a blackness boy cleans a window. The blackboard reads, "The consent of the governed is a expert thing in theory, but very rare in fact… the U.South. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves."

Whatsoever its origins, American imperialism experienced its top from the late 1800s through the years following World State of war II. During this "Age of Imperialism," the United States exerted political, social, and economic control over countries such equally the Philippines, Cuba, Germany, Austria, Korea, and Japan. Ane of the most notable examples of American imperialism in this age was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United States to proceeds possession and control of all ports, buildings, harbors, military equipment, and public belongings that had formally belonged to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands. On January 17, 1893, the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani, was deposed in a insurrection d'état led largely by American citizens who were opposed to Liliuokalani's effort to institute a new Constitution. This action eventually resulted in Hawaii's becoming America'southward 50th state in 1959.

Opposition to Imperialism

The American Anti-Imperialist League was an arrangement established in the United states of america on June 15, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular area. The League also argued that the Spanish-American State of war was a war of imperialism camouflaged as a war of liberation. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated the credo of republicanism, particularly the need for "consent of the governed." They did not oppose expansion on commercial, constitutional, religious, or humanitarian grounds; rather, they believed that the annexation and administration of tertiary-globe tropical areas would mean the abandonment of American ideals of self-government and isolation—ideals expressed in the U.Southward. Proclamation of Independence, George Washington 's Adieu Address, and Abraham Lincoln 'south Gettysburg Accost. The Anti-Imperialist League represented an older generation and was rooted in an earlier era; they were defeated in terms of public opinion, the 1900 election, and the deportment of Congress and the president because most younger Progressives who were only coming to power supported imperialism.

The Spanish-American War

The Castilian-American War was a iii-month-long disharmonize in 1898 betwixt Kingdom of spain and the United States.

Learning Objectives

Clarify the Castilian-American War

Primal Takeaways

Key Points

• The Castilian-American War was the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence with Spain.
• The war served to further repair relations between the American Due north and South. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the offset time since the cease of the Civil War in 1865, and many friendships were formed between soldiers of Northern and Southern states during their tours of duty.
• The war marked American entry into globe affairs. Since and so, the United States has had a meaning paw in various conflicts around the world, and has entered into many treaties and agreements.
• The defeat of Kingdom of spain marked the end of the Castilian Empire.

Primal Terms

• expansionism: The policy of expanding a nation's territory or its economic influence.

Overview

The Spanish-American War was a disharmonize in 1898 between Kingdom of spain and the United states. It was the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence. American attacks on Spain's Pacific possessions led to U.S. interest in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine-American War.

Background

Revolts confronting Spanish rule had been endemic for decades in Republic of cuba and were closely watched by Americans. With the abolition of slavery in 1886, old slaves joined the ranks of farmers and the urban working class, many wealthy Cubans lost their property, and the number of carbohydrate mills declined. Only companies and the most powerful plantation owners remained in business, and during this period, U.S. fiscal capital began flowing into the country. Although it remained Spanish territory politically, Cuba started to depend on the United States economically. Coincidentally, effectually the aforementioned time, Cuba saw the rising of labor movements.

Following his 2nd deportation to Kingdom of spain in 1878, revolutionary José Martí moved to the U.s. in 1881. There he mobilized the support of the Cuban exile customs, especially in southern Florida. He aimed for a revolution and independence from Spain, but also lobbied against the U.S. annexation of Republic of cuba, which some American and Cuban politicians desired.

Past 1897–1898, American public opinion grew angrier at reports of Spanish atrocities in Cuba. After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Autonomous Party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a state of war he had wished to avoid. Compromise proved impossible, resulting in the United States sending an ultimatum to Espana that demanded it immediately give up control of Cuba, which the Spanish rejected. Outset Madrid, then Washington, formally alleged state of war.

The War

Although the principal issue was Cuban independence, the 10-calendar week state of war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. American naval power proved decisive, assuasive U.Due south. expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already reeling from nationwide insurgent attacks and wasted by yellowish fever.

The Spanish-American War was swift and decisive. During the war's three-month elapsing, not a single American reverse of whatsoever importance occurred. A week after the declaration of war, Commodore George Dewey of the 6-warship Asiatic Squadron (then based at Hong Kong) steamed his fleet to the Philippines. Dewey caught the entire Spanish fleet at ballast in Manila Bay and destroyed it without losing an American life.

Cuban, Philippine, and American forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Cuba and Manila every bit a consequence of their numerical superiority in most of the battles and despite the good performance of some Spanish infantry units and spirited defenses in places such as San Juan Hill. Madrid sued for peace after ii obsolete Spanish squadrons were sunk in Santiago de Cuba and Manila Bay. A third more than modern fleet was recalled dwelling to protect the Spanish coasts.

The Treaty of Paris

The result of the state of war was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the United States. It allowed temporary American control of Republic of cuba and indefinite colonial dominance over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines post-obit their buy from Spain. The defeat and collapse of the Castilian Empire was a profound shock to Espana's national psyche, and provoked a movement of thoroughgoing philosophical and creative reevaluation of Castilian society known as the "Generation of '98." The victor gained several isle possessions spanning the globe, which caused a rancorous new contend over the wisdom of expansionism.

Legacy of the War

"La Fatlera del Oncle Sam": A Catalan satirical drawing, published in La Campana de Gràcia (1896), criticizing U.S. behavior regarding Republic of cuba.

The state of war marked American entry into world affairs. Before the Spanish-American War, the U.s. was characterized by isolationism, an approach to foreign policy that asserts that a nation'southward interests are all-time served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a distance. Since the Spanish-American War, the United States has had a meaning paw in various conflicts around the earth, and has entered many treaties and agreements. The Panic of 1893 was over by this point, and the The states entered a long and prosperous menses of economic and population growth and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s. The state of war redefined national identity, served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American heed, and provided a model for all future news reporting.

The state of war besides effectively ended the Spanish Empire. Spain had been declining equally an imperial power since the early nineteenth century as a result of Napoleon's invasion. The loss of Cuba acquired a national trauma considering of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Republic of cuba, which was seen as some other province of Kingdom of spain rather than equally a colony. Spain retained only a scattering of overseas holdings: Spanish West Africa, Castilian Republic of guinea, Spanish Sahara, Spanish Morocco, and the Canary Islands.

Markets and Missionaries

Progressive Era evangelism included strong political, social, and economic letters, which urged adherents to ameliorate their society.

Learning Objectives

Identify the Social Gospel motility and the American Missionary Association

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• The Social Gospel was the religious wing of the Progressive movement, which aimed to gainsay injustice, suffering, and poverty in guild.
• The American Missionary Association established schools and colleges for African Americans in the mail service-Civil War period.
• The Social Gospel movement was non a unified and well-focused movement, as there were disagreements among members.

Central Terms

• Social Gospel: A Protestant Christian intellectual motility that was most prominent in the early on twentieth-century The states and Canada that applied Christian ethics to social bug.
• American Missionary Association: An system supporting the education of freed blacks that founded hundreds of schools and colleges.
• Evangelical: Of or relating to any of several Christian churches that believe in the sole authorization of the gospels.

The Social Gospel Movement

The Social Gospel was a Protestant motility that was most prominent in the early on twentieth-century United States and Canada. The motion practical Christian ethics to social problems, especially issues of social justice such every bit economical inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environments, child labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of state of war.

In the United States, prior to World War I, the Social Gospel was the religious fly of the Progressive movement, which aimed to gainsay injustice, suffering, and poverty in society. Denver, Colorado, was a center of Social Gospel activism. Thomas Uzzell led the Methodist People'south Tabernacle from 1885 to 1910. He established a costless dispensary for medical emergencies, an employment bureau for job seekers, a summer camp for children, night schools for extended learning, and English language classes. Myron Reed of the Beginning Congregational Church became a spokesman for labor unions on problems such every bit worker'south compensation. His middle-class congregation encouraged Reed to motility on when he became a Socialist, and he organized a nondenominational church. Baptist minister Jim Goodhart set an employment bureau, and provided food and lodging for tramps and hobos at the mission he ran. He became city chaplain and managing director of public welfare of Denver in 1918. In add-on to these Protestants, Reform Jews and Catholics helped build Denver's social welfare organization in the early twentieth century.

Walter Rauschenbusch and Dwight Moody

Pastor Dwight Moody, ca.1900: Portrait of Pastor Dwight Moody: preacher, evangelist, and publisher in the Social Gospel motion.

One of the defining theologians for the Social Gospel movement was Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist pastor of a congregation located in Hell's Kitchen in New York City. Rauschenbusch railed confronting what he regarded as the selfishness of capitalism and promoted a form of Christian Socialism that supported the creation of labor unions and cooperative economic science.

While pastors such as Rauschenbusch were combining their expertise in Biblical ethics and economic studies and research to preach theological claims around the need for social reform, others such as Dwight Moody refused to preach about social problems based on personal feel. Pastor Moody'southward experience led him to believe that the poor were also particular in receiving charity. Moody claimed that concentrating on social assistance distracted people from the life-saving message of the Gospel.

Rauschenbusch sought to address the problems of the city with Socialist ideas that proved to exist frightening to the middle classes, the primary supporters of the Social Gospel. In contrast, Moody attempted to save people from the city and was very effective in influencing centre-class Americans who were moving into the urban center with traditional style revivals.

The American Missionary Clan

The American Missionary Association (AMA) was a Protestant-based abolitionist group founded on September 3, 1846, in Albany, New York. The main purpose of this organization was to abolish slavery, brainwash African Americans, advocate for racial equality, and promote Christian values. Its members and leaders were both black and white and chiefly affiliated with Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches.

The AMA started The American Missionary magazine, which published from 1846 through 1934. Among its efforts was the founding of antislavery churches. For instance, the abolitionist Owen Lovejoy was amidst the Congregational ministers of the AMA who helped plant 115 antislavery churches in Illinois before the American Civil State of war, aided past the potent w migration of individuals from the East. While the AMA became notable in the Us for its work in opposition to slavery and in support of education for freed men, it also worked in missions in numerous nations overseas. The nineteenth-century missionary try was strong in Red china and eastward Asia.

Legacy

While the Social Gospel was curt-lived historically, it had a lasting impact on the policies of virtually of the mainline denominations in the Us. Almost began programs for social reform, which led to ecumenical cooperation in 1910 during the formation of the Federal Council of Churches (although cooperation regarding social issues often led to charges of Socialism). It is probable that the Social Gospel'southward stiff sense of leadership by the people led to women's suffrage, and that the emphasis it placed on morality led to prohibition. Biographer Randall Forest argues that Social Gospel themes learned from childhood allowed Lyndon B. Johnson to transform social problems into moral problems. This helps explain his longtime commitment to social justice, as exemplified by the Corking Society, and his commitment to racial equality. The Social Gospel explicitly inspired his foreign-policy approach of a sort of Christian internationalism and nation building.

The Open Door Policy

The Open Door Policy aimed to keep the Chinese merchandise market open to all countries on an equal ground.

Learning Objectives

Identify the Open Door Policy and the Monroe Doctrine

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• The Open Door Policy was established in 1899 and stated that all European nations and the United States could trade with Prc with equal standing.
• The Monroe Doctrine stated that efforts by European nations to colonize or interfere with states in North or South America would be viewed as acts of aggression toward the United States and that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal European diplomacy.

Key Terms

• Open up Door Policy: A doctrine that governed the relationship between China and the imperial powers (Britain, French republic, Germany, Italy, Russia, America, and Nihon) during the early 1900s. The policy forbade the imperial powers from taking Chinese territory and from interfering with ane another's economic activities in China.
• Monroe Doctrine: A U.South. foreign policy regarding domination of the Americas, which aimed to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention.

The "Open Door Policy" refers to a U.S. doctrine established in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, as expressed in Secretary of State John Hay's "Open Door Note," dated September 6, 1899, and dispatched to the major European powers. The policy proposed to proceed Communist china open to merchandise with all countries on an equal basis, keeping any one power from total control of the land, and calling upon all powers, within their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with any treaty port or whatever vested involvement, to permit Chinese authorities to collect tariffs on an equal basis, and to testify no favors to their own nationals in the matter of harbor dues or railroad charges.

The Open up Door policy was rooted in the desire of U.S. businesses to trade with Chinese markets, though the policy'southward pledging to protect China's sovereignty and territorial integrity from partition also tapped the deep-seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism. In practise, the policy had niggling legal standing; it was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese, which created lingering resentment and caused information technology to exist seen afterward as a symbol of national humiliation by many Chinese historians.

Formation of the Policy

During the Kickoff Sino-Japanese War in 1895, Mainland china faced an imminent threat of beingness partitioned and colonized past imperialist powers such as Britain, France, Russia, Japan, and Germany. After winning the Castilian-American War of 1898, and with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the Us increased its Asian presence and was expecting to further its commercial and political interest in China. The Usa felt threatened by other powers' much larger spheres of influence in Cathay and worried that it might lose admission to the Chinese market should the state be partitioned.

Every bit a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business organization opportunities and other interests in China. On September half dozen, 1899, U.South. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (French republic, Germany, Britain, Italy, Japan, and Russian federation), asking them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the gratuitous use of the treaty ports inside their spheres of influence in China. The Open Door Policy stated that all nations, including the United States, could enjoy equal access to the Chinese marketplace.

In reply, each country tried to evade Hay's request, taking the position that it could not commit itself until the other nations had complied. Withal, by July 1900, Hay appear that each of the powers had granted consent in principle. Although treaties made after 1900 refer to the Open Door Policy, competition among the various powers for special concessions within Mainland china for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, strange merchandise ports, and so forth, continued unabated.

The Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a U.South. strange policy regarding domination of the Americas in 1823. It stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize state or interfere with states in North or Southward America would be viewed every bit acts of aggression, requiring U.South. intervention. At the aforementioned fourth dimension, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued in 1823 at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Spain and Portugal had accomplished, or were at the point of gaining, independence from the Portuguese and Castilian Empires.

Monroe Doctrine: A 1912 newspaper cartoon about the Monroe Doctrine.

President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh-almanac State of the Union Accost to Congress. The term "Monroe Doctrine" itself was coined in 1850. By the end of the nineteenth century, Monroe's annunciation was seen as a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and one of its longest-standing tenets. It would exist invoked past many U.S. statesmen and several U.Due south. presidents, including Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and many others.

The intent and impact of the Monroe Doctrine persisted with just small-scale variations for more than a century. Its stated objective was to free the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and avoid situations that could make the New World a battleground for the Old Globe powers, so that the Us could exert its own influence undisturbed. The doctrine asserted that the New World and the One-time World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence, for they were composed of entirely separate and independent nations.

Inherent in the Monroe Doctrine are the themes of American exceptionalism and Manifest Destiny, ii ideas that refer to the correct of the United States to exert its influence over the residuum of the world. Under these conditions, the Monroe Doctrine was used to justify American intervention abroad multiple times throughout the nineteenth century, most notably in the Spanish-American State of war and with the annexation of Hawaii.

The Philippine-American State of war

The Philippine-American War was an armed conflict that resulted in American colonial rule of the Philippines until 1946.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Philippine-American War

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Philippine-American War was part of a serial of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence, preceded by the Philippine Revolution (1896) and the Spanish-American War.
• The disharmonize arose from the struggle of the Showtime Philippine Democracy to gain independence post-obit annexation past the United States.
• The war and U.S. occupation changed the cultural landscape of the islands. Examples of this include the disestablishment of the Catholic Church as the Philippine state religion and the introduction of the English language as the primary language of government and business.
• The United States officially took control of the Philippines in 1902. In 1916, the United States promised some self-regime, a limited form of which was established in 1935. In 1946, following Earth State of war II, the United States gave the territory independence through the Treaty of Manila.

Key Terms

• Philippine Revolution of 1896: An armed conflict in which Philippine revolutionaries tried to win national independence from Spanish colonial rule. Power struggles among the revolutionaries and conflict with Spanish forces continued throughout the Spanish-American War.
• Battle of Manila: The battle that began the Philippine-American War of 1899.
• American Anti-Imperialist League: A U.Due south. organization that opposed American control of the Philippines and viewed it equally a violation of republican principles. The group as well believed in free trade, the gold standard, and limited government.

The Philippine-American State of war, also known as the "Philippine State of war of Independence" or the "Philippine Coup" (1899–1902), was an armed conflict between the United states of america and Filipino revolutionaries. The conflict arose after the Philippine Revolution of 1896, from the First Philippine Republic's struggle to gain independence following annexation past the U.s..

The conflict arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris, under which the United States took possession of the Philippines from Spain subsequently the Spanish-American War.

The Battle of Manila: The Battle of Manila, Feb 1899.

Fighting erupted between U.S. and Filipino revolutionary forces on Feb 4, 1899, and chop-chop escalated into the 1899 Battle of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the First Philippine Commonwealth officially alleged war against the United States. The war officially ended on July 2, 1902, with a victory for the Us. However, some Philippine groups led past veterans of the Katipunan continued to battle the American forces. Among those leaders was Full general Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan fellow member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed "Tagalog Republic," formed in 1902 afterward the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro people and Pulahanes people, connected hostilities in remote areas and islands until their final defeat a decade afterward at the Battle of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.

Affect and Legacy

Filipino soldiers: Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899.

The state of war with and occupation past the United States would change the cultural landscape of the islands. The war resulted in an estimated 34,000 to 220,000 Philippine casualties (with more civilians dying from disease and hunger brought about past war); the disestablishment of the Roman Cosmic Church as the state religion; and the introduction of the English language in the islands equally the primary language of regime, education, concern, and industry, and increasingly in hereafter decades, of families and educated individuals.

Under the 1902 "Philippine Organic Act," passed by the U.S. Congress, Filipinos initially were given very express self-regime, including the correct to vote for some elected officials such as a Philippine Associates. But it was not until 14 years later, with the passage of the 1916 Philippine Autonomy Act (or "Jones Act"), that the U.s. officially promised eventual independence, forth with more Philippine control in the meantime over the Philippines. The 1934 Philippine Independence Act created in the post-obit twelvemonth the Republic of the Philippines, a express form of independence, and established a process ending in Philippine independence (originally scheduled for 1944, simply interrupted and delayed past World War II). Finally in 1946, following World State of war 2 and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the United States granted independence through the Treaty of Manila.

American Opposition

Some Americans, notably William Jennings Bryan, Marker Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Ernest Crosby, and other members of the American Anti-Imperialist League, strongly objected to the annexation of the Philippines. Anti-imperialist movements claimed that the United states had become a colonial ability by replacing Kingdom of spain as the colonial power in the Philippines. Other anti-imperialists opposed looting on racist grounds. Amongst these was Senator Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina, who feared that looting of the Philippines would lead to an influx of nonwhite immigrants into the United States. As news of atrocities committed in subduing the Philippines arrived in the U.s., support for the war flagged.

The Banana Wars

The Assistant Wars were a series of U.S. military occupations and interventions in Latin American and Caribbean countries during the early on 1900s.

Learning Objectives

Clarify the Banana Wars

Primal Takeaways

Primal Points

• The Banana Wars were a serial of conflicts and military interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean caused or influenced by the United states of america to protect its commercial interests. Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Democracy were all venues of conflicts.
• The United Fruit Company and the Standard Fruit Company had significant commercial stakes and influence in Latin America and were behind many of the conflicts.

Key Terms

• Roosevelt Corollary: An extension to the Monroe Doctrine articulated past President Theodore Roosevelt that states that the United States will intervene in conflicts betwixt European nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than allowing the Europeans to press their claims directly.
• United Fruit Company: An American company that sold fruit produced on Latin and South American plantations to N American and European markets. Along with the Standard Fruit Company, it dominated the economies and strongly influenced the governments of Latin American countries.

The Banana Wars, as well known as the "American-Caribbean Wars," were a series of occupations, law actions, and interventions involving the The states in Key America and the Caribbean. This menses of disharmonize started with the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the subsequent Treaty of Paris, which gave the United States control of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Thereafter, the United States conducted military interventions in Cuba, Panama, Republic of honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Republic. The series of conflicts ended with the withdrawal of troops from Republic of haiti in 1934 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Reasons for these conflicts were varied but were largely economical in nature. The conflict was chosen the "Banana Wars" because of the connections between U.S. interventions and the preservation of American commercial interests in the region.

United Fruit Company Steamship Service: A 1916 advertisement for the United Fruit Company Steamship Service.

Most prominently, the United Fruit Visitor had meaning fiscal stakes in the production of bananas, tobacco, sugar cane, and diverse other products throughout the Caribbean, Central America, and northern S America. The United States also was advancing its political interests, maintaining a sphere of influence and decision-making the Panama Canal, which it had recently built and which was critically important to global merchandise and naval power.

Panama and the Culvert

In 1882, Ferdinand de Lesseps started work on a canal, but by 1889, the effort had experienced applied science challenges acquired by frequent landslides, slippage of equipment, and mud, and resulted in bankruptcy. U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt convinced Congress to take on the abandoned works in 1902, while Colombia was in the midst of the Thou Days' War. During the war, Panamanian Liberals made at to the lowest degree iii attempts to seize control of Panama and potentially achieve full autonomy. Liberal guerrillas such equally Belisario Porras and Victoriano Lorenzo were suppressed past a collaboration between conservative Colombian and U.S. forces nether the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty. The Roosevelt administration proposed to Colombia that the United States should command the canal, but by mid-1903, the Colombian government refused. The U.s.a. then changed tactics.

Less than three weeks afterwards, on November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed between Frenchman Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, who had promptly been appointed Panamanian ambassador to the The states (representing Panamanian interests), and the U.Southward. Secretary of State John Hay. The treaty allowed for the construction of a culvert and U.Southward. sovereignty over a strip of state ten-miles wide and l-miles long on either side of the Panama Canal Zone. In that zone, the United states of america would build a canal, and then administer, fortify, and defend it "in perpetuity."

Honduras and American Fruit Companies

Honduras, where the United Fruit Company and Standard Fruit Company dominated the country'due south central banana export sector and associated land holdings and railways, saw the insertion of American troops in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924, and 1925. The writer O. Henry coined the term "banana commonwealth" in 1904 to describe Republic of honduras.

The starting time decades of Honduras's history were marked by instability in terms of politics and economic system. Indeed, the political context gave way to 210 armed conflicts between independence and the rise to ability of the Carias government. This instability was due in part to American involvement in the land.

The first company that concluded an agreement with the Republic of honduras government was the Vaccaro Brothers Company (Standard Fruit Company). The Cuyamel Fruit Company so followed that pb. The United Fruit Company also agreed to a contract with the government, which was attained through its subsidies (the Tela Rail Road Company and Truxillo Rail Road Visitor).

Unlike avenues led to the signature of a contract between the Republic of honduras regime and the American companies. The most pop artery was to obtain a grab on a slice of land in substitution for the completion of railroads in Honduras; this explains why a railroad company conducted the agreement between the United Fruit Visitor and Honduras. The ultimate goal in the acquisition of a contract was to command the bananas, from production to distribution. Therefore, the American companies would finance guerrilla fighters, presidential campaigns, and governments.

United mexican states

The U.S. armed services involvements with Mexico in this period are related to the aforementioned general commercial and political causes, but stand as a special case. The Americans conducted the Border War with Mexico from 1910 to 1919 for additional reasons: to control the flow of immigrants and refugees from revolutionary Mexico (pacificos), and to counter rebel raids into U.South. territory. The 1914 U.Southward. occupation of Veracruz, withal, was an do of armed influence, not an issue of border integrity; it was aimed at cutting off the supplies of German munitions to the government of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, whom U.S. President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize. In the years prior to World War I, the The states too was sensitive to the regional residuum of power against Germany. The Germans were actively arming and advising the Mexicans, as demonstrated by the 1914 SS Ypiranga artillery-shipping incident, the establishment of High german saboteur Lothar Witzke's base of operations in Mexico City, the 1917 Zimmermann Telegram, and the presence of German language advisors during the 1918 Boxing of Ambos Nogales. Only twice during the Mexican Revolution did the U.S. armed services occupy United mexican states: during the temporary occupation of Veracruz in 1914 and betwixt the years 1916 and 1917, when U.S. General John Pershing and his army came to Mexico to lead a nationwide search for Pancho Villa.

Other Countries

Other Latin American nations were influenced or dominated by American economic policies and/or commercial interests to the betoken of compulsion. Theodore Roosevelt declared the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, asserting the right of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic affairs of states in the Caribbean and Fundamental America if they were unable to pay their international debts. From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and his Secretary of State Philander C. Knox asserted a more than "peaceful and economic" Dollar Diplomacy foreign policy, although that, too, was backed by strength. The U.South. Marine Corps almost frequently carried out these military interventions. The Marines were called in so oftentimes that they developed a Small Wars Manual, The Strategy and Tactics of Small Wars, in 1921. On occasion, U.S. Naval gunfire and U.Southward. Army troops were besides used.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/american-imperialism/

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